Modern English

• Handout of Modern English
• Adjective Clause

Modern English

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

 Source : http://kakakpintar.com/adjective-clause-pengertian-contoh-kalimat-rumusnya/

Adjective Clause is clause as adjectives to explain or provide information about the noun or 

pronouns.

The Adjective Clause position always follows the noun or pronoun that it

describes. In the sentence, noun or pronoun function as subject or

object sentence. Adjective clause is preceded by a word called Relative Pronoun: what, which,

whom, who, who, that, and so on. Relative Pronoun serves as a bridge connecting noun or

pronoun which is explained by Adjective Clause.

Example of Adjective Clause on Complex Sentence

Simple Sentence:

    The car is amazing. 

    The house has been sold.

    I will invite your friend to my birthday party

Complex Sentence:

    The car that you brought yesterday is amazing. (The car you bought yesterday was amazing)

Information:

a.       The car: Noun (phrase)

b.      That: Relative Pronoun

c.       That you bought yesterday: Adjective Clause that explains the car. Called Clause because it has a subject (you) and a predicate (brought). It is called an adjective clause because it explains the noun (the car).

d.      The house which you wanted to buy two weeks ago has been sold. (The house you want to buy it two weeks ago is already sold)

Information:

a.       The house: Noun (phrase)

b.      

Which: Relative Pronoun

c.       Which you wanted to buy two weeks ago: Adjective Clause that explains the house. Called Clause because it has a subject (you) and a predicate (wanted to buy). It is called an adjective clause because it explains the noun (the house).

I will invite you to my chocolates at school yesterday to my birthday party. (I will invite your friend who gave me a lot of chocolate at school yesterday to my birthday party)

Information:

Your friend: Noun (phrase)

Who: Relative Pronoun

Who gave me so many chocolates at school yesterday: Adjective Clause that explains your friend. Called Clause because it has a subject (who) and predicate (give). Called adjective clause because it explains the noun (your friend).

Complex Sentence:

Independent Clause + Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause:

Relative Pronoun + Subject + Verb

Information:

If there is no subject in the Adjective Clause then Relative Pronoun (who, whom, that, which) can be used as the subject.

Relative Pronoun function in Adjective Clause

Relative Pronoun in Adjective Clause can function as:

    Subject

    Object

    Possessive

Notice the table below:

Relative Pronoun Function Example Adjective Clause

Subject That, who, That is eating by her.

(eaten by him)

Proof:

Try to replac

d.      e 'that' with pronoun 'it' (subjective personal pronoun)

Object That, who, who, who Which wanted wanted buy

(he wants to buy)

Proof:

Try substitution with the word 'it' (objective personal pronoun)

Possessive Whose Whose car was stolen

Proof:

Try replacing the word 'his' with the word 'his' (possessive personal pronoun)

Punctuation in Adjective Clause

The Adjective Clause position when explaining the subject will be in the middle of the sentence. Adjectuve Clause can be flanked by a comma or not. It depends on whether or not the information carried by the Adjective Clause is present. Such information is considered essential if the information will change the meaning of the sentence if the information is omitted. In such a situation the coma must be removed. Clauses that carry important information are called defining clauses. However, if the information brought by the Adjective Clause is non-essential and can be omitted without changing the meaning of the sentence, then the comma may be used to flank the Adjective Clause. Clauses that carry less important information are referred to as non-defining clauses.

 Consider the following example:

Example 1

    Defining Clause: People who have active movements tend to live happier than those who do not. (People who move actively will live happier than those who do not.

    Non-defining Clause: Bimo, who studies in Lampung University, is her friend. (Bimo, who studied at the University of Lampung, was his friend)

Example 2

    Defining Clause: The student who got punished after breaking the school rule.

Strategi Pembelajaran

• Quiz ; Strategi Pembelajaran

Strategi Pembelajaran

QUIZ: STRATEGI PEMBELAJAJARAN BHS. INGGRIS

Answer the following questions in brief by reading in the reference book!

1. Explain the way should teachers use their physical presence in class!

2. Mention the seating arrangements and what learning activites which is suitable with each arrangement?

3. What different student groupings can teachers use? What learning activity which is suitable with each grouping?

4. Explain the elements are necessary for successful language learning in classroom?

5. Mention and describe  five teaching models have influenced current teaching practice!

Semantic Strategy

Borrowing :

Cultural Equivalent :

SL: Minggu depan Jaksa Agung akan berkunjung ke Swiss.

TL: Nextweek the Attorney General will visit Switserland.

SL: I answered with the term I’d always wanted to employ. “Sonovabitch.”

TL: Aku menjawab dengan istilah yang sejak dulu sudah hendak kugunakan. “Si Brengsek.”

Descriptive Equivalent & Componential Analysis

Descriptive Equivalent:

SL: samurai

TL1: kaum bangsawan

TL2: aristokrat Jepang pada abad XI sampai XIX yang menjadi pegawai pemerintahan

Componential Analysis:

SL: Gadis itu menari dengan luwesnya.

TL: The girl is dancing with great fluidity and grace.

Synonym & Official Translation:

Synonym :

SL: What a cute baby you’ve got!

TL: Alangkah lucunya bayi Anda!

Official Translation :

SL: read-only memory

TL: memori simpan tetap

Reduction & Extension :

Reduction      SL: automobile

                         TL: mobil

Extension       SL: whale

                         TL: ikan paus

Addition :

SL: The skin, which is hard and scaly, is greyish in color, thus helping to camouflage it from predator when underwater.

TL: Kulitnya, yang keras dan bersisik, berwarna abu-abu. Dengan demikian, kulit itu membantunya berkamuflase, menyesuaikan diri dengan keadaan lingkungan untuk menyelamatkan diri dari predator, hewan pemangsa, jika berada di dalam air.

Omission or Deletion :

SL: “Sama dengan raden ayu ibunya,” katanya lirih.

TL: “Just like her mother,” she whispered.

Modulation :

SL: I broke my leg.

TL: Kakiku Patah.

SL: Tiada banding!

TL: There was no comparison.

SL: It doesn’t seem unlikely that the company will get bankrupt in three years.

TL: Sepertinya perusahaan itu mungkin akan bankrupt dalam tiga tahun mendatang.

Grammatical Equivalence :

1. In translating from SL into TL you must take into consideration the grammatical equivalence between the two languages.
2. When there are similarities between the SL and TL grammatical patterns translation would be easy. However, when differences occur translation would be difficult. The problem gets even more when you translate Indonesian sentences/text into English.

Translation Principles,Summary & Test

Translation Procedures Summary:

1. Translation procedures involve essentially adding (structure or lexical elements to those present in the SL), subtracting from them, or adapting the content of the message so that the TL text will come as close as possible to the intent of the SL text.
2. Translation can be listed in terms of different levels of complexity in the form of: transcription, transliteration, borrowing, literal, transposition, modulation, and adaptation.
3. In translating from SL into TL transposition and modulation are obviously the most important procedures that should be taken into account by the translator.
4. A translator should always study the text as a whole before he begins to translate it. After obtaining a picture of the whole he can break it up into its parts.

Summary :

1. Though there are no universally accepted principles of translation due to contradiction among scholars on this case, we can nevertheless identify the distinction between the literal or faithful translation and the idiomatic or free translation. The former is believed to be more difficult due to several factors.

2. Some reasons for the advocacy of faithfulness are among others:

1. The translator never forgets that he is a translator. 
2. The translator is not the original writer.
3. The translator is just the interpreter.
4. The writer’s style could only be preserved in a literal translation.

3. Some reasons for the advocacy of free translation are among others:

1. Literal translation is too difficult.
2. Accuracy, clearness, and precision are difficult to achieve in literal translation.
3. The freedom to include lexical and grammatical adjustments to obtain the meaning/concept of the SL text as closely as possible to the TL equivalent.
4. Free translation is fresh and can be read with ease and pleasure.

4. The choice whether a translation should be literal or idiomatic depends entirely upon the intended readers.-> Dituju kepada pembaca

Test :

1. Which of the following is not the reason for the advocacy of free translation?

1. Literal translation is too difficult.
2.  Free translation can be read with ease and pleasure.
3. The writer’s style could only be preserved in a literal translation.
4. Accuracy, clearness, and precision are difficult to achieve in literal translation.

2. Which of the following principles supports the choice of faithful or literal translation?

1. A translation should posses the style of the translation.
2. A translation should read as a contemporary of the translator.
3. A translation of verse should be in verse.
4.  A translation of verse should be in prose.

3. Which of the following principles supports the choice of free or idiomatic translation?

1. A translation of verse should be in verse.
2. A translation should posses the style of the translation.
3. A translation must give the words of the original.
4.  A translation should read like an original.

4. In the sentence “We’ve already had various talks on how to look after our money, how to use the library, and so on.” which of the following Indonesian equivalent is the most faithful to the original?a. Kami telah mengadakan berbagai macam pembicaraan mengenai bagaimana menjaga uang, bagaimana menggunakan perpustakaan, dan sebagainya.

b. Kami telah mengadakan bermacam-macam pembicaraan mengenai bagaimana menjaga uang kami, perpustakaan, dan sebagainya.

c. Kami telah mengadakan berbagai pembicaraan mengenai bagaimana menjaga uang kami, bagaimana menggunakan perpustakaan, dan sebagainya.

d. Kami telah mengadakan pembicaraan yang panjang lebar mengenai bagaimana menjaga uang kami dan bagaimana caranya menggunakan perpustakaan.

5. In the sentence ‘The old lady fell to the ground and lay there motionless.’ which of the following Indonesian equivalent is the most idiomatic (free)?

1. Nyonya itu jatuh dan tergeletak tidak bergerak.
2. Nyonya itu jatuh di tanah dan tergeletak di situ tanpa bergerak.\
3. Dia jatuh ke tanah dan pingsan tak bergerak.
4. Dia jatuh dan pingsan.

6. In the sentence ‘John had been working for about half an hour when his wife came in and turned off all the lights.’ which of the following Indonesian equivalent is the closest in meaning to the original?

1. John telah bekerja lebih kurang setengah jam sewaktu istrinya masuk dan tiba-tiba semua lampu padam.
2. John belum lagi bekerja setengah jam sewaktu istrinya masuk dan memadamkan semua lampu.
3. John telah bekerja lebih kurang setengah jam sewaktu istrinya masuk dan memadamkan semua lampu.
4. John telah selesai bekerja lebih kurang setengah jam sewaktu istrinya masuk dan semua lampu padam.

7. In the sentence ‘They’ll have to make a few changes, but at least they haven’t got to start again from scratch.’, which of the following Indonesian equivalents omits part or parts from the original?

1. Mereka harus mengadakan sedikit perubahan, tetapi setidak-tidaknya mereka tidak harus memulainya lagi dari permulaan.
2. Mereka harus mengadakan perubahan, tetapi mereka tidak harus memulainya dari permulaan.
3. Mereka harus mengadakan sedikit perubahan yang dirasa perlu, tetapi setidak-tidaknya mereka tidak harus memulainya lagi dari permulaan.
4. Mereka harus selalu mengadakan sedikit perubahan tetapi setidak-tidaknya mereka tidak harus memulainya lagi dari permulaan.

8. In the sentence ‘There was no way he could escape, the Chief of Police was having the whole area searched, house by house.’, which of the following Indonesian equivalents adds to the original?

1. Tak ada jalan untuk melarikan diri baginya; kepala polisi memerintahkan seluruh daerah untuk digeledah dari rumah ke rumah.
2. Tak ada jalan untuk melarikan diri baginya; kepala polisi memerintahkan seluruh daerah untuk digeledah.
3. Tak ada jalan baginya untuk melarikan diri keluar kota, dari rumah ke rumah.
4. Tak ada jalan untuk melarikan diri baginya, seluruh daerah digeledah dari rumah ke rumah.  

Definitions, Types and Categories of Translation

Definitions

1. One of the most important terms in translation is .... (a. process, b. craft, c. style, d. equivalent).

2. Translation equivalence which doesn’t usually require your understanding of grammar is in the .... (a. paragraph for paragraph rank, b. sentence for sentence rank, c. phrase for phrase rank, d. word for word rank)

3. The translation equivalent of English words can be a problem because .... (a. many of them are borrowing words, b. many of them have multiple meanings, c. many of them are newly coined, d. many of them have just one meaning)

4. Which of the following has the greatest degree of being untranslatable? (a. Short stories, b. Scientific writing, c. Poetry, d. Drama)

5. Which of the following is not one of those extra linguistic factors? (a. The author, b. The grammatical patterns, c. The intended readers, d. The subject matter)

6. Equivalent as the key term in translation refers to SL and TL as having the same .... (a. forms, b. meaning, c. style, d. source)

7. In the phrase a heavy light blue jacket the word light has the Indonesian equivalent .... (a. ringan, b. cahaya, c. muda, d. terang)

8. The Indonesian equivalent of She is wearing a dark blue jean. is .... (a. Dia memakai celana jin berwarna biru tua, b. Dia memakai celana jin berwarna gelap, c. Dia memakai celana jin berwarna suram, d. Dia memakai celana jin berwarna hitam)

9. Which of the following is in the rank of sentence for sentence? (a. Eat up your rice! = Habiskan nasimu!, b. The rice that we eat everyday. = Nasi yang kita makan setiap hari., c. If you eat much rice everyday. = Apabila engkau banyak makan nasi setiap hari., d. Though we eat rice, fish, and vegetables everyday. = Meskipun kita makan nasi, ikan, dan sayuran setiap hari.)

10. Being a boyscout, Paul is fond of belling the cat. The clossest Indonesian equivalent of the underlined phrase is .... (a. Memberi makan kucing, b. Menghalau kucing, c. Takut pada bahaya, d. Melakukan sesuatu yang berbahaya)

Types and Categories of Translation

1. Which of the following terms is used by Jacobson to explain the transfer from SL text into TL text or translation proper? (a. Intralingual, b. Intersemiotic, c. Interlingual, d. Transmutation)
2. Perfect translation is intended to pinpoint .... (a. all purely informative statements, b. mere entertainment, c. the intellectual exercises and pleasure, d. all learned, scientific, and technical matter)
3.  ... is often done to get the translator’s intellectual pleasure. (a. Adequate translation, b. Perfect translation, c. Scientific translation, d. Composite translation)
4. Which of the following pairs of translation equivalence is a partial translation? (a. I need a pen. = Saya memerlukan pulpen., b. I need a gold plated wristwatch. = Saya memerlukan jam tangan emas., c. I need a decolgen. = Saya memerlukan decolgen., d. I need your help, love. = Saya memerlukan bantuanmu, sayang.)
5. Which of the following English words is translatable into Indonesian? (a. Cellophane, b. Dacron, c. Coca cola, d. Aspirin)
6. Which of the following English sentences needs the most grammatical adjustments if translated into Indonesian? (a. We eat rice and curry everyday., b. She speaks Javanese at home., c. They may not eat sea food., d. You should study English more often Alice!)
7. The translation from SL poetry into TL prose is in the area of .... (a. Perfect translation, b. Composite translation, c. Restricted translation, d. Scientific translation.)
8. Which of the following pairs of translation equivalence is classified as phrase to phrase translation? (a. The lion is hungry. = Singa itu lapar., b. When the lion is hungry. = Jika singa itu lapar., c. The hungry lion. = Singa yang lapar., d. The hungry will eat you. = Singa yang lapar akan menyantapmu.)
9. Which of the following pairs of translation equivalence is classified as sentence to sentence translation? (a. The pretty girl wearing a blue dress at the corner of the street = Gadis manis yang memakai baju biru di sudut jalan itu., b. If the pretty girl is wearing a blue dress to the party = Apabila gadis manis itu memakai baju biru ke pesta., c. The pretty girl who is singing at the party = Gadis manis yang menyanyi di pesta itu., d. That girl is pretty = Gadis itu cantik.)